• Ultraviolet light source UV-80 for PCB exposure
  One of more advanced PCB manufacturing methods is exposing laminate copper boards covered by photo resistive layer through the mask. Using ultraviolet light when manufacturing PCB’s has many benefits comparing to other methods.
  One of more advanced PCB manufacturing methods is exposing laminate copper boards covered by photo resistive layer through mask. Using UV light in manufacturing PCB’s has many benefits according to other methods: you can get thin tracks like 0.2mm. You couldn’t do this by using other home techniques like laser printers or hand artwork; other [...]
  uv-pcb-making
  with at box diy exposure for home pcb prototype ultravioler uv
• What is surface mounting
  What is surface mounting technology and what benefits it has over the through hole board technology.
  Simply talking surface mounting is a soldering technology where component is soldered directly to a series of solder pads called a footprint. It is different soldering technology from through hole, where component leads are inserted into holes of the board. Footprint is a series of pads that conform to the lead layout of packages of [...]
  electronics
  with against hole how smd smt through to with work
• Analog Devices Digital temperature sensor AD7416
  There are situations when you need to measure temperatures or trigger some events on temperature changes. It is very convenient to have temperature values in a digital format.
  There aremany situations when you might need to measure temperatures or trigger some events due to temperature changes. It is very convenient to have these values in a digital format. Then you can transfer digital values to microcontroller to process data or jus to display on LCD screen.AD7416 Sensor descriptionThis is 10 bit digital temperature [...]
  avr-microcontrollers
  with ad7416 avr digital sensor temperature
• AVR ISP programmer using LPT port
  Simple AVR microcontroller ISP programmer that connects to PC LPT port. Works with PonyProg .
  AVRISP is very popular Parallel port programmer for flashing AVR type microcontrollers. Earlier I used programmer connected to com port, but frequently I needed this port for other purposes, I decided to make it work on parallel port. The programmer on parallel port is much simpler than connected to serial port, because there is no [...]
  avr-microcontrollers
  with avr flasher isp lpt programmer
• Connect 6 LEDs using 3 microcontroller pins
  Using other microcontroller isn’t always a solution also as using decoder circuitry isn’t necessary as well. There is a simple hint on how to do this
  Sometimes you need more than you have. I am talking about microcontroller pins. Lets say, you have to connect 6 LED diodes but you have only 3 microcontroller pins available. To use other microcontroller isn’t always a solution using decoder circuitry isn’t necessary as well.There is a simple hint on how to do this:Connect diodes [...]
  avr-microcontrollers
  with avr avr-gcc expanding leds microcontroller to
• Diet for the belly
  The purpose - to ensure that your belly would become flat and elastic. It must appear equally, when you stand and when you lie on the spin.
  Beauty & Wellness Website. Categorized Diets Of The World. Weight Loss Help., Diet for the belly
  belly category diet diet_center for loss nutrition quick select source the weight
  with belly diet
• Embedded C program libraries and linking
  Linker creates an output file from relocatable objects. Compiler is not one big program. It usually consist of up to a dozen smaller programs. These programs are controlled by some program so called “program driver”. This driver can be a makefile and make.exe program.
  What is compilation of program maybe it is more or less clear. But what is program linking? I am sure many beginners heard of this but done exactly know what it is. In a few words I can say, that linker creates an output file from relocatable objects.Compiler is not one big program. It usually [...]
  embedded-general
  with avr gcc linker makefile
• GNUARM for ARM microcontrollers - Scientific, embedded, biomedical, electronics contents.
  GNUARM for ARM microcontrollers. Kick start guide how to start working with GnuARM toolset for ARM microcontroller programming.
  In this article you’ll find some information about how to configure GNUARM toolset for compiling ARM7 microcontrollers.GNUARM is the open source toolset for ARM7 MCUs. It has GCC compiller and debugger. Our purpose now is to set up tools in Windows environment and compile one project.First of all download compiled toolset from http://www.gnuarm.com:Select the newest [...]
  arm-microcontrollers
  with arm7tdmi embedded gnuarm lpc2000 programming
• How to measure signal period using microcontrollers
  This article describes an idea how to measure signal period, frequency and phase shift using microcontroller.
  Measuring signal period is common problem in embedded systems. This can be measuring time between two events or measuring signal frequency f=1/T and so on.Measuring of time interval or period is based on comparing of event time t with discrete time usually produced by timer. This usually is done by filling the event time t [...]
  embedded-general
  with basics frequency measuring meter period phase shift signal
• Internal microcontroller ADC
  What you should know about internal microcontroller ADC. How to choose right reference voltage and power supply.
  Many microcontrollers contains internal on-chip ADC. Typical devices would be Atmel Atmega series microcontrollers like Atmega8 and further. Internal ADC are successive way to integrate analog world in to your embedded systems using only one microcontroller die. Many applications doesn’t require high speed or high accuracy ADC conversions, thus on-chip ADC is best choice.Lets l
  avr-microcontrollers
  with adc atmega8 internal_adc on-chip vref
• IrDA interface for an embedded systems
  IrDA is a transmission standard commonly used in computer and peripherals like mobile phones.IrDa standard require close communication of devices. This is low power transmission.http://www.scienceprog.com
  IrDA is a transmission standard commonly used in computer and peripherals like mobile phones. The basic purpose of IrDA is to provide device-to-device communication over short distances. IrDA solves the problem of usage cables, that may differ from machine to machine. With IrDA no cables are required so this is easy to connect same device [...]
  embedded-general
  with embedded interface irda transmission
• Microcontroller Brown-out detection
  Most of microcontrollers have On-chip Brown-out detection, which monitors supply voltage level while operating. Brown-out circuit is simply nothing more than comparator, which compares supply voltage to a fixed trigger level.
  Mostly all microcontrollers have built in Brown-out detection (BOD) circuit, which monitors supply voltage level during operation. BOD circuit is nothing more than comparator, which compares supply voltage to a fixed trigger level.If microcontroller doesn’t have On-Chip Brown-Out detector, then there can be external circuit used :The circuit above illustrates the brown out detect
  embedded-general
  with brown-out detection detector level monitor supply voltage
• Neural networks and artificial intelligence in robotics
  When talking of AI many people think that neural nets should be as intelligent as human brain. But in reality it is early to talk about artificial intelligence as it is more likely artificial reflex.
  When talking of artificial intelligence(AI) many people think that neural nets should be as intelligent as human brain. Some people don’t even imagine how widely they are used in their life. Lets narrow us to something more simple and understandable.The most exiting usage of AI is robotics. Today isn’t very hard to build simple robot [...]
  electronics embedded-general
  with ai and artificial in intelligence networks neural robotics robots
• Physiological system modeling
  Read about electrically modelled artery. Instead of blood flow we get electric current density.
  Most of physical and chemical experiments can be described with a finite number of rules. In physiological processes everything can be tied to laws of nature. Good model can be as a guideline to new experiments. Usually model and experiment has iterative connection. In order to understand ho to investigate any material there is model [...]
  electronics
  with artery electrically heart modeling modelled physiological system
• Power up your electronics using potato batteries
  Did you know that potatoes can generate electric power. Check this out.
  Thomas Pfeifer does something new and amazing every day. This time he demonstrates how simple digital clock or LED diode can be powered by using batteries made of few potatoes and two different types of metal (iron and coper). Demonstration shows that such battery made from single potato generates 0.848V voltage and is able to [...]
  electronics
  with current diode generator led potato power voltage
• Reading AVR button status using WinAVR
  Webpage about how to read Buttons connected to AVR microcontroller. Sample program included.
  If you want to bring some interactivity to your embedded projects, one option is to add buttons. This allows you to control program flow, set parameters and much more.Few words about AVR ports. AVR Port pins can be configured as input or output. See table for all general pin configurations:DDRx register is so called direction [...]
  avr-microcontrollers
  with avr buttons key pull-up winavr
• Removing 60Hz from ECG using digital band stop filter
  How to remove power supply noise from ECG signal? There is an example how to implement FIR filter using matlab.
  Let’s make a filter, which filters off the 60Hz frequency from ECG signal. As we know American power supply is 60Hz. This is common noise in biomedical signals, while they are powered from industrial power supply. This type of noise can be defined easily and can be filtered as parameters of noise are known.Here is [...]
  biomedical-dsp
  with biomedical digital ecg electronics embedded filtering fir matlab scientific
• Sensing Sound Wave with microcontroller
  If you are designing some kind of robot, sometimes it is useful to enable sensing of sound. Then you can program your robot to follow your voice commands.
  Sound wave can be sensed by using sound sensor. If you are designing some kind of robot, sometimes it is useful to enable sensing of sound. Then you can program your robot to follow your voice commands. In some cases sound wave sensors are used as collision sensors. Sound wave sensor is a microphone. Microphone [...]
  electronics embedded-general
  with filter microcontroller of sensing sound wave
• Signal sampling mechanism
  Interesting reading how signal sampling and correct restoring works on time and frequency domains.
  Sampling is a process when continuous time signal is represented by series of discrete samples while reconstruction is reverse process when these samples re recreating adequate continuous time signal. Bellow the overall process is illustrated.Sampling is a process when continuous time signal is recorded every T seconds by multiplying by an impulse train.If signal is [...]
  dsp-lessons
  with alias avoid restoring sampling signal sinc spectra with
• USB powered power amplifier for your PC
  This can be good solution forr those who have PC with integrated sound card built in motherboard. The main problem is that outputs those sound cards are designed for active acoustic systems, this means that speakers must have power amplifier built in. If you need to connect a headphones, sometimes it might be not enough to provide required sound level.
  I faced this article when I was looking for simple solution how to increase the output of my integrated sound card of my PC. I don’t know why, but the sound level of it decreased so I can’t normally listen with my headphones. So this article is about how to increase the power of your [...]
  electronics
  with power powered supply tda7053 usb

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