- The Enlightenment
This essay by Paul Brians, argues that the Enlightenment has its roots much earlier than the 18th century. It also discusses the heritage of the movement.
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- The Enlightenment, Freemasonry, and The Illuminati
From the American Atheist organization web site, you can read this interesting article by Conrad Goeringer, which is about the influences of these philosophies on the Enlightenment.
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- The Political Realists of Continental Europe
Enlightened Philosophers, such as Voltaire and Diderot, and the Physiocrats, who were ministers to the French court, did not wish to limit the powers of the Monarchies. They attempted to persuade European Rulers to redirect power towards the rationalization of economic and political structures and the liberation of intellectual life.
To keep everyone from exercising too much freedom, however, there would be an absolute monarch. This phenomenon is known as Enlightened Absolutism.
18th absolutism catherine century east enlightened enlightenment frederick great hobbes joseph monarchs philosophy the voltaire
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